Even though succulents are said to be easy indoor plants, they can sometimes be a bit tricky to keep alive. Trust me, I've been there! Every now and then, they start looking sad and wilted, and it can feel pretty disheartening. But don't worry! There's always a reason for it, and often, there's a simple way to make them happy again.

## Contents

## Leaning Towards Light

![leaning-towards-light](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/leaning-towards-light.jpg)

**Cause**: Lack of Sunlight

If your plant starts leaning towards the light or growing towards a window, that's a sure sign that it isn't receiving enough sunlight.

**How to Fix**

- Shift your plant toward the source of light.
- Consider that morning light is preferable to harsh afternoon light.
- If planning a significant relocation, do it gradually to avoid shocking the plant.

---

## Shrivelled Leaves

![shriveling](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/shriveling.jpg)

![shriveling](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/shriveling2.jpg)

**Cause**: Underwatering

Leaves dying are a normal part of succulent growth, and there will be times when you need to trim the dead leaves of a succulent, which will often be the bottom, older leaves. However, if the leaves suddenly start shrivelling or looking wrinkled all over, chances are your plant isn't getting enough water.

**How to Fix**
- Check the soil for dryness to confirm if underwatering is the issue.
- If the soil is very dry, provide your plant with water.
- Make sure to thoroughly drench the soil while watering.
- Consider increasing the frequency of your watering routine.

---

## Rotting

![rotting](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/rotting.jpg)

**Cause**: Overwatering

Commonly, you will notice it on the stem as black, soft or mushy spots. Despite the common moniker of "root rot," it isn't always apparent in the roots. It may also only present as soggy/translucent leaves.

**How to Fix**

- If you notice soggy leaves, it's advisable to unpot the plant to inspect the roots for dryness and overall health.
- Repot the plant into dry soil if necessary, allowing the roots to dry.
- Consider preemptive beheading as an option,  which involves cutting off the healthy top portion above the affected area to propagate.
- Check for a crisp and healthy green interior with a slightly darker ring; it may sometimes appear more brown.
- Let the cutting sit in indirect light to callus, which allows you to monitor for any recurring rot.
- Once the cutting has callused, replant it and follow propagation tips.

If the rot extends too high for a decent cutting, your only chance may be to pull leaves that still appear healthy for propagation.

---

## Yellowing Leaves

![yellow-leaves](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/yellow-leaves.jpg)

![yellow-leaves](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/yellow-leaves2.jpg)


**Cause**: Overwatering

Another sure sign of overwatering, yellowing leaves is something you may notice prior to any major rotting.

**How to Fix**

- Refrain from watering for a while until the leaves regain their color.
- Allow the soil to dry out between waterings.
---

## Black/Brown Spotting

![edema](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/edema.jpg)

![edema](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/edema2.jpg)

![edema](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/edema3.jpg)

**Cause**: Overwatering

If you're seeing your plant turn brown or black in spots or along the trunk of the plant, chances are you've gone a bit overboard in the watering department.

A condition called plant edema, in plants, occurs when rough spots, bumps, or blisters develop on the leaves of succulents and other plants. These spots can be brown, white, red, yellow, or black in color. Succulent edema indicates an imbalance in the plant that you should correct, but it is not a fatal condition. Instead, it serves as an early warning signal prompting you to adjust your growing conditions to prevent more serious damage.

**How to Fix**

Unfortunately, once the trunk has gone completely black, it can be difficult to bring a succulent back to life. However, leave it for a while to dry out, and you may find that the spots go away, and the plant recovers.

---

## Dull Color

**Cause**: Lack of Sunlight

Loss of color often occurs when a succulent is exposed to too much sunlight, as there is a bleaching effect. A green succulent may turn to a pale green or white, and if it was bright pink, purple, or yellow, it may turn a lighter green color.

**How to Fix**

Move your plant to a less bright corner, and if it was in the afternoon sun, move it to a place that gets more reflected light or less harsh morning sun.

---

## Translucent Yellow/Brown

![translucent-yellow-leaves](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/translucent-yellow-leaves.jpg)

**Cause**: Overwatering

If a leaf begins to turn translucent yellow/brown and gets soft, that might be a sign of overwatering. 

**How to Fix**
- Refrain from watering for a while until the leaves regain their color.
- Allow the soil to dry out between waterings.

---

## Sudden Leaf Drop

![sudden-leaf-drop](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/sudden-leaf-drop.jpg)

Sudden leaf drop is often a sign of overwatering. 

**How to Fix**

- Early signs of a problem, such as leaf drop, are fortunate because they don't always require immediate action.
- If you are concerned, consider unpotting the plant to check if the rootball is dry, and allow it to dry if necessary.
- Afterward, reevaluate your soil mix and adjust your watering frequency as needed.

---

## Brown or White Mark

![sunburn](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/sunburn.jpg)

![sunburn](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/sunburn2.jpg)
**Cause**: Sunburn

Sunburn usually presents as a brown or white mark that looks like a scar.

**How to Fix**

The severity of the sunburn will determine the course of action. A sunburned plant is often in shock and requires rest.

- Initially, place the plant in a fully shaded area for a few days to monitor its condition.
- If the damage worsens, consider trimming away the affected parts to prevent rot. Do not water immediately.
- Any sun-scalded portions of the plant may also need to be removed.
- Depending on the plant and the extent of damage, you may have cuttings that need to be rooted.
- After this rest period or any necessary cutting, gradually reintroduce the plant to sunlight.

## Turning Red

![turning-red](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/turning-red.jpg)

![turning-red](/assets/blog/whats-wrong-with-my-succulent/turning-red2.jpg)
**Cause**: Sunburn

Sunburn usually presents as a brown or white mark that looks like a scar.

**How to Fix**

No need to fix. It is the nature of succulents. Be careful of sunburn.

## Final Words

Remember, for succulents, neglect is key. Overtending and overwatering are what kill our succulents the most.

What's Wrong With My Succulent? Common Problems of Succulents


As a succulent lover, going on vacation can sometimes be stressful when you're worried about the well-being of your beloved plants. But fear not! With a little planning and preparation, you can ensure that your succulents thrive even while you're away. 

To begin with, it's important to note that succulents prefer dry soil. **If you're only going to be away for a short period of time, such as two weeks, it's perfectly fine to leave them untouched as they are capable of surviving without frequent care.** However, if you'll be gone for longer time, say 1 month or 2 months, there are some options available to help you ensure the health and happiness of your succulents.

If you are a digital nomad as well as a succulent lover, this is the article for you.

## Option 1: Self-Watering Planters
One of the most convenient options for caring for your succulents while you're on vacation is to use **self-watering planters**. 

These innovative planters have a built-in reservoir that holds water, allowing the plants to take up moisture as they need it. This can help prevent overwatering or underwatering, which are common issues with succulents. 

There are various self-watering planters available in the market, such as the "[Phoenix Vine Self-Watering Planters](https://amzn.to/40OzXPz)" or "[GardenBasix Self-Watering Planter Boxes](https://amzn.to/3o3VQfr)", which are designed specifically for succulents and provide an efficient and low-maintenance way to care for your plants while you're away.

![Phoenix Vine Self-Watering Planters](/assets/blog/leaving-home-no-problem-how-to-care-for-your-succulents-while-you-re-on-vacation/cover.jpg)
*Phoenix Vine Self-Watering Planters*

It's important to keep the water level low in the glass container when watering succulents, as they do not require much water.

## Option 2: Watering Bulbs or Spikes
Another option for watering your succulents while you're on vacation is to use **watering bulbs or spikes**. These devices are inserted into the soil of your succulents' pots and slowly release water over time, keeping the soil moist. 

You can find watering bulbs or spikes in various shapes and sizes, such as the "[Terracotta Watering Spikes](https://amzn.to/41edLy6)" or "[Blumat Watering Stakes](https://amzn.to/3mkSlAF)", which are specifically designed for potted plants and can be easily adjusted to release water at a rate that suits your succulents' needs.

![Watering Spikes](/assets/blog/leaving-home-no-problem-how-to-care-for-your-succulents-while-you-re-on-vacation/watering-spikes.jpg)
*Watering Spikes*

Succulents typically have lower water requirements compared to other plants, which is why it's recommended to not fully insert watering stakes into the soil. This helps reduce the contact area between the stake and the soil, resulting in less water being delivered to the plant over time.

## Option 3: Plant Sitters or Plant-Watering Systems
If you want to have more control over the watering process, you can consider using **plant sitters or plant-watering systems**. 

Plant sitters are devices that monitor the moisture level of the soil and automatically water your plants when needed. Some popular plant sitters include the "[Parrot Pot](https://amzn.to/3KO6hwd)". 

![Parrot Pot](/assets/blog/leaving-home-no-problem-how-to-care-for-your-succulents-while-you-re-on-vacation/parrot-pot.jpg)

## Option 4: Ask a Friend or Neighbor for Help
If you have a trustworthy friend, neighbor, or family member nearby, you can ask them to help care for your succulents while you're on vacation. 

Make sure to provide them with clear instructions on how to water your plants, including the frequency and amount of water to be given. You can also consider offering to reciprocate the favor by caring for their plants when they are away, creating a mutually beneficial arrangement.

## Option 5: Set Up a DIY Watering System
If you prefer a more budget-friendly approach, you can set up a DIY watering system for your succulents. This can be done using common household items such as plastic bottles, cotton wicks, or drip irrigation tubing. 

There are many tutorials available online that provide step-by-step instructions on how to create your own DIY watering system for succulents, for example, [DIY Automatic Watering System For Indoor Plants](https://www.urbanorganicyield.com/automatic-watering-system/)


--------
Leaving for vacation doesn't have to mean neglecting your succulents. With the options and products mentioned above, you can easily care for your succulents while you're away, ensuring that they remain healthy and happy!

How to Care for Your Succulents While You're on Vacation


Succulents have become immensely popular in recent years, gracing our homes, gardens, and even office spaces with their unique and captivating beauty. These water-storing wonders come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, making them a favorite choice for both seasoned gardeners and beginners. 

However, one common question that arises among succulent enthusiasts is, "Are succulents cold hardy?" Let's dive into the world of succulent hardiness to find out.

## Contents

## What is Hardiness?

Hardiness in plants refers to their ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions, especially low temperatures. Cold hardiness, in particular, is crucial for plants to survive chilly winters and frosty nights. When it comes to succulents, their hardiness varies depending on the species and their native habitats.

## What are Hardiness Zones?

Hardiness zones are geographical regions defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) based on average annual minimum winter temperatures. These zones help gardeners and growers determine which plants are suitable for their specific climate. The USDA Hardiness Zone Map divides the United States into different zones, with lower numbers representing colder climates and higher numbers indicating milder winters.

![USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map](/assets/blog/are-succulents-cold-hardy/usda_hardiness_zone_map-mini.jpg)
*USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map ([You can also play with the interactive map here at USDA](https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov))*

## What are Hardy Succulents?

Hardy succulents, as the name suggests, are succulent plants that can withstand colder temperatures and are adapted to grow in regions with harsh winter conditions. These plants are typically more cold-resistant and can survive freezing temperatures for extended periods, making them excellent choices for outdoor gardens in colder climates.

![Sempervivum in Snow](/assets/blog/are-succulents-cold-hardy/sempervivum-in-snow.jpg)
*Sempervivum (Hens and Chicks) in the Snow*

Examples of hardy succulents include the Hens and Chicks (*Sempervivum*), Stonecrop (*Sedum*), and many varieties of Agave and Yucca. These plants can often thrive in USDA Hardiness Zones 3 to 9 and even higher in some cases.

![Sedum in Wild](/assets/blog/are-succulents-cold-hardy/sedum-in-wild.jpg)
*Sedum in the Wild*

## What are Soft Succulents?

On the other hand, soft succulents are more sensitive to cold temperatures and are generally better suited for indoor cultivation or outdoor gardens in warmer climates. These succulents, such as [*Echeveria*](/posts/echeveria) and [*Crassula*](/posts/crassula), may not survive frost and should be protected during cold spells or brought indoors when winter approaches.

![Jade Plant Died After Snow](/assets/blog/are-succulents-cold-hardy/jade-after-snow.jpg)
*Jade Plant Died After Snow*

## Drought Tolerance and Water Storage

Succulents are not only known for their cold hardiness but also for their remarkable drought tolerance. Their ability to store water in their leaves, stems, or roots allows them to thrive in arid environments. This adaptation makes them a perfect choice for regions with limited rainfall or for those who prefer low-maintenance plants.

### Water Storage Adaptations

Succulents have specialized water storage tissues that store moisture for long periods. These adaptations include:

- **Fleshy Leaves:** Many succulents have thick, fleshy leaves that can hold significant amounts of water. Examples include Aloe and Aeonium.

- **Stem and Root Storage:** Some succulents, like certain cacti, store water in their stems or roots. This allows them to endure long periods without rain.

- **Reduced Transpiration:** Succulents often have reduced leaf surface area or protective waxy coatings, which minimize water loss through transpiration.

- **Shallow Roots:** Some succulents have shallow root systems that allow them to quickly absorb rainfall or dew.

## Hardiness for Specific Succulents

The hardiness of specific succulent species can vary widely. Some succulents, like the Saguaro cactus (*Carnegiea gigantea*), are extremely cold-sensitive and can only thrive in warm, desert-like conditions. Others, like the aforementioned *Sempervivum* and *Sedum*, are incredibly cold-hardy and can endure freezing temperatures without issue.

Before adding succulents to your garden, it's essential to research the specific hardiness of the species you're interested in and ensure it aligns with your local climate.

Here is my current hardiness list (in Fahrenheit and Celsius):

* Crassula Ovata "Minima": 45°F (7°C)
* Hoya Compacta "Hindu Rope": 40°F (4°C)
* Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana: 40°F (4°C)
* Kalanchoe Streptantha: 40°F (4°C)
* Lithops "Living Stones": 40°F (4°C)
* Kalanchoe Behartii (Tomentosa x Milottii Hybrid): 35°F (2°C)
* Kalanchoe Marmorata: 35°F (2°C)
* Kalanchoe Millotii: 35°F (2°C)
* Albuca Spiralis "Frizzle Sizzle": 30°F (-1°C)
* Echeveria Diffractens: 30°F (-1°C)
* Echeveria Moranii: 30°F (-1°C)
* Echeveria Nodulosa: 30°F (-1°C)
* Echeveria "Red Prince": 30°F (-1°C)
* Graptoveria "Silver Star": 30°F (-1°C)
* Hatiora Salicornioides "Drunkard's Dream": 30°F (-1°C)
* Haworthia Cooperi var. Truncata: 30°F (-1°C)
* Haworthia Emelyae: 30°F (-1°C)
* [Haworthia Truncata](/posts/haworthia-truncata) cv. "Sizunami": 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Beharensis: 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Beharensis "Fang": 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Beharensis "Oak Leaf": 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Gastonis-Bonnieri "Donkey Ears": 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Hildebrandtii "Silver Teaspoons": 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Humilis: 30°F (-1°C)
* Pachyveria Glauca "Little Jewel": 30°F (-1°C)
* Schlumbergera Truncata "Thanksgiving Cactus": 30°F (-1°C)
* Sedeveria "Lilac Mist": 30°F (-1°C)
* Sedum "Burrito": 30°F (-1°C)
* Graptopetalum: 30°F (-1°C)
* Crassula Rupestris: 30°F (-1°C)
* Kalanchoe Longiflora va. Coccinea: 30°F (-1°C)
* Crassula "Springtime": 30°F (-1°C)
* Aeonium "Kiwi": 30°F (-1°C)
* Adromischus Cristatus "Key Lime Pie": 25°F (-4°C)
* Crassula Swaziensis "Money Maker": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria Chihuahuaensis: 25°F (-4°C)
* [Echeveria Lola](/posts/echeveria-lola): 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria "Perle Von Nürnberg": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria "Chroma": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria "Cubic Frost": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria Dionysos: 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria Fabiola: 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria "Lilacina": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria Pelusida "Gigantea": 25°F (-4°C)
* Echeveria Runyonii "Topsy Turvy": 25°F (-4°C)
* Euphorbia Milli: 25°F (-4°C)
* [Faucaria Tigrina "Tiger's Jaw"](/posts/faucaria-tigrina): 25°F (-4°C)
* Fenestraria Rhopalophylla "Baby Toes": 25°F (-4°C)
* Frithia Pulchra: 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptopetalum Bellum: 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptopetalum "Marquise de Sevigne": 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptopetalum Pentandrum "Murasaki": 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptopetalum "Rusbyi": 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptopetalum "Superbum": 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptosedum "California Sunset": 25°F (-4°C)
* Graptosedum "Vera Higgins": 25°F (-4°C)
* Haworthiopsis Attenuata "Zebra Haworthia": 25°F (-4°C)
* Haworthiopsis Reinwardtii "Zebra Wart": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Crenodaigremontiana: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Daigremontiana: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Delagoensis: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Fedtschenkoi forma. Mediopicta: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Fedtschenkoi "Variegata": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Marnieriana: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Orgyalis "Copper Spoons": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Pumila: 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Tomentosa "Chocolate Soldier": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Tomentosa "Panda Plant": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe Tomentosa "Teddy Bear": 25°F (-4°C)
* Kalanchoe x houghtonii (Mother of Millions Hybrid): 25°F (-4°C)
* Pachyveria "Blue Haze": 25°F (-4°C)
* Pleiospilos Bolusii: 25°F (-4°C)
* Pleiospilos Nelii "Royal Flush Split Rock": 25°F (-4°C)
* Pleiospilos Nelii "Split Rock": 25°F (-4°C)
* Portulacaria Afra Variegata "Elephant Bush": 25°F (-4°C)
* Rabiea Difformis: 25°F (-4°C)
* Sedum Adolphi "Firestorm": 25°F (-4°C)
* Titanopsis Calcarea "Concrete Leaf": 25°F (-4°C)
* Agave Victoriae-reginae "Queen Victoria": 20°F (-7°C)
* Crassula Muscosa "Watch Chain": 20°F (-7°C)
* Crassula Perforata "Variegata": 20°F (-7°C)
* Echeveria "Blue Bird": 20°F (-7°C)
* Graptopetalum Paraguayense "Ghost Plant": 20°F (-7°C)
* [Sebum Rubrotinctum "Jelly Bean"](/posts/sedum-rubrotinctum-jelly-beans): 20°F (-7°C)
* Crassula Falcata: 20°F (-7°C)
* Crassula Platyphylla: 20°F (-7°C)
* Sinocrassula Yunnanensis: 10°F (-12°C)
* Aloinopsis Luckhofii: 10°F (-12°C)

## FAQ

### Can I plant succulents in my garden if I live in a cold climate?

Yes, you can plant hardy succulents in your garden if you live in a cold climate. Be sure to choose species that are suitable for your USDA Hardiness Zone.

### How can I protect soft succulents from cold temperatures?

To protect soft succulents from cold temperatures, you can bring them indoors during the winter or cover them with frost cloth or blankets on particularly cold nights.

### Do succulents need special care during the winter?
 
Yes, succulents may require some special care during the winter, such as reducing watering frequency and ensuring proper drainage to prevent root rot in cold, wet conditions.

## Final Words

In conclusion, the cold hardiness of succulents varies depending on the species, so it's crucial to choose the right succulents for your climate. Hardy succulents are ideal for colder regions, while soft succulents are better suited for milder climates or indoor cultivation. With proper care and consideration of your local climate, you can enjoy the beauty of succulents year-round.


Are Succulents Cold Hardy?

<p>This is my ongoing list of resources for growing succulents.</p>
<p>Date of last update: September 19, 2023</p>
<h2 id="contents"><a href="#contents" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Contents</h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="#general">General</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map">USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#pets">Pets</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#american-society-for-the-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-aspca">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="general"><a href="#general" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>General</h2>
<h3 id="usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map"><a href="#usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map</h3>
<p>Visit <a href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov">https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov</a>, enter your zip code in the map to quickly see your local plant hardiness zone.</p>
<h2 id="pets"><a href="#pets" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Pets</h2>
<h3 id="american-society-for-the-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-aspca"><a href="#american-society-for-the-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-aspca" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)</h3>
<p>Visit <a href="https://www.aspca.org">https://www.aspca.org</a>, search for your plant's name, and check if it's toxic to your dogs or cats.</p>


Resources for Succulents

In September 2024, I took my parents on a trip to Kunming, the capital city of Yunnan Province, China. As part of our trip, we visited the Dounan Flower Market (斗南花卉市场), the largest flower market in Asia! An interesting fact about Yunnan is that its climate is perfect for cultivation, making Kunming home to the largest flower and succulent market in the world!

The market occupies a gigantic warehouse. The first floor featured an impressive array of flowers, including roses, orchids, and bonsai. I was amazed. However, when we reached the second floor, my jaw literally dropped.

Having visited succulent markets around the world, I can say that Dounan is on a whole different level. It dwarfs any other place I’ve been to, both in terms of size and variety. The sheer scale, number of merchants, and range of succulents were truly astounding. Even more incredible was the price—sometimes as low as 10 RMB (1.5 USD) for six pots of succulents!

Below are some photos I took at Dounan. Enjoy!

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 1](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-1.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 2](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-2.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 3](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-3.jpg)
*The sign says, "10 RMB (1.5 USD) for six pots of succulents"*

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 4](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-4.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 5](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-5.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 6](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-6.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 7](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-7.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 9](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-9.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 10](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-10.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 11](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-11.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 12](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-12.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 13](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-13.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 14](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-14.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 15](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-15.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 16](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-16.jpg)

![Succulents at Dounan Flower Market 17](/assets/blog/dounan-biggest-succulent-market/photo-17.jpg)


Dounan Flower Market (斗南花卉市场): Biggest Succulent Market in the world (Kunming, China)


![Epiphyllum Oxypetalum (Queen of the Night)](/assets/blog/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/tan-hua.jpeg)

Epiphyllum oxypetalum, also known as Dutchman's pipe cactus, Princess of the Night, or Queen of the Night, is a cactus species native to Mexico and Nicaragua. It is a tropical epiphyte to lithophyte, meaning it grows on the surface of other plants and derives nutrients from rain, air, and debris. This cactus blooms nocturnally, with flowers that wilt before dawn, and is the most cultivated species in its genus.

## Quick Facts

- **Native Habitat**: Mexico, Nicaragua
- **Family**: Cactaceae
- **Water**: Soak the soil completely when watering and water frequently, letting the top of the soil dry out between watering.
- **Sunlight**: Partial shade or bright, indirect light
- **Soil**: Well-draining, average succulent/cactus soil mix

## Contents

## Why it is called Epiphyllum oxypetalum?

The name "Epiphyllum oxypetalum" comes from Greek and Latin roots. "Epiphyllum" is derived from the Greek words "epi-" meaning "upon" and "phullon" meaning "leaf," referring to the plant's habit of growing on other plants. "Oxypetalum" is from the Greek "oxy-" meaning "sharp" or "acute" and "petalum" meaning "petal," referring to the shape of its petals.

The Chinese name for the plant is 昙花 (tan hua). It is sometimes referred to by this name, particularly as mentioned in the popular movie based on the book *Crazy Rich Asians*. 


![Epiphyllum oxypetalum is featured in a scene from the movie Crazy Rich Asians.](/assets/blog/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/crazy-rich-asians-flower.jpg)
*Epiphyllum oxypetalum is featured in a scene from the movie Crazy Rich Asians.*

![Epiphyllum oxypetalum is featured in a scene from the movie Crazy Rich Asians.](/assets/blog/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/movie-flower.jpg)
*Epiphyllum oxypetalum is featured in a scene from the movie Crazy Rich Asians.*

In Chinese, there is a phrase called 昙花一现 (tán huā yī xiàn), meaning "a fleeting glimpse of a flower" or "something that is beautiful but short-lived." This phrase is often used to describe something that appears briefly and then disappears, much like the night-blooming flowers of the Queen of the Night cactus.

## The Appearance of Epiphyllum oxypetalum

### Leaves

![Leaves of Epiphyllum Oxypetalum](/assets/blog/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/flowers-and-leaves.jpg)

There are no true leaves, but flattened stems that can be easily rooted.

### Flowers

The Queen of the Night is a night-blooming cactus that blooms once per year, reaching full bloom around midnight and typically lasting only that one night. The flowers are white, huge, showy, and fragrant. If pollinated, the flowers are followed by 5-inch long, oblong, purple/red fruits. A mature plant can produce flowers from spring through mid-summer.

This behavior is an example of a [**pollination syndrome**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination_syndrome).

A **pollination syndrome** occurs when a plant co-evolves with its primary pollinators in a way that increases the likelihood of successful pollination. The Queen of the Night’s main pollinators are bats, which explains why it blooms at night when its pollinators are active. The large, white, disc-shaped flowers are more attractive to bats. Interestingly, multiple plants bloom on the same night each year, though it is not known how this synchronization occurs.

The flowers grow on flattened stems and are up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 17 cm (7 in) wide.

## How to Care for Epiphyllum oxypetalum

### Light

Give this plant partial shade or bright, indirect light.

### Watering

Soak the soil completely when watering and water frequently, letting the top of the soil dry out between watering. Cut down on watering during the winter to 1-2 times per month.

### Soil

Provide a well-draining, average succulent/cactus soil mix.

### Temperature

Bring inside when temperatures cool to the mid-30s. It can be grown as an outdoor tropical plant in zones 10 and 11. In cooler zones, it can be placed outdoors during the summer months, then brought in as the temperatures drop.

### Humidity

Ensure moderate humidity levels typical of rainforest settings.

### Fertilizing

Feed with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer during the growing season.

### Pruning

Trim the long stems back if the plant becomes top-heavy, ensuring stability in its container.

### Repotting

Repot into a larger or heavier container as needed to maintain stability.

### Dormancy

Reduce watering in winter to 1-2 times per month.

### Pests and Diseases

Watch for common pests like mealybugs and aphids. Treat as necessary with insecticidal soap or neem oil.

## Is Epiphyllum oxypetalum Toxic to Pets?

Epiphyllum oxypetalum is generally considered non-toxic to pets.

## How to Propagate Epiphyllum oxypetalum

Propagate by taking stem cuttings, allowing them to dry for a day or two, then planting in a well-draining soil mix.

## Where Can I Buy Epiphyllum oxypetalum?

Epiphyllum oxypetalum can be purchased from various online plant retailers, specialty cactus and succulent nurseries, and sometimes at local garden centers.

## FAQ

### How often does Epiphyllum oxypetalum bloom?

**A:** It typically blooms from spring through mid-summer, with flowers opening only once, at night, and lasting only that one night.

### Can Epiphyllum oxypetalum be grown indoors?

**A:** Yes, it can be grown indoors in a bright, indirect light setting.

### Is Epiphyllum oxypetalum edible?
**A:** Epiphyllum oxypetalum is edible and has medicinal uses. In various Asian cultures, including India, Vietnam, and Malaysia, it is used to treat respiratory issues, bleeding conditions, and is believed to help reduce pain and inflammation.

## References

* [North Carolina State University - Epiphyllum oxypetalum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/epiphyllum-oxypetalum/)
* [RWW Greenhouse - The Queen of the Night](https://rwwgreenhouse.voices.wooster.edu/the-queen-of-the-night/)
* [Wikipedia - Epiphyllum oxypetalum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyllum_oxypetalum)


Epiphyllum Oxypetalum (Queen of the Night)


## Quick Facts
* **Location**: The room of Estufa Doce of Estufa Fria, inside Parque Eduardo VII, Lisbon, Portugal
* **Hours**: 10:00 AM - 5:00 PM (Winter), 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM (Summer)
* **Cost**: Approximately 3 Euros
* **Kid Friendly**: Yes
* **Dog Allowed**: No
* **Accessibility**: Yes

## Contents

## About Estufa Fria and Estufa Doce

Estufa Fria is a beautiful greenhouse complex located in Parque Eduardo VII in Lisbon, Portugal. It consists of three different environments: 

* Cold Greenhouse (Estufa Fria)
* Hot Greenhouse (Estufa Quente)
* Sweet Greenhouse (*Estufa Doce*)

Estufa Quente and Estufa Doce bring more exotic plants to Lisbon (mangifera, cacti, aloe), whereas the main garden focuses on camellia and azalea species. The three gardens cover a surface area of 3.7 acres! Each showcases a variety of plants from different climates. 

Out of the three sections, Estufa Doce can be seen as the smallest. It transposes you to a desert filled with all types of tall cacti and aloe plants. The trek is short, but it does really make you feel small and lost through some desert riddled with nature.

Note, when you are on the ground floor of the greenhouse, it may be hard to find the entrance to Estufa Doce. There is a ramp on the wall leading to Estufa Doce, which is located on a higher level of the greenhouse.


## Visiting Estufa Fria in 2024

I visited Estufa Fria in July 2024 while visiting Lisbon. Parque Eduardo VII is a quiet and spacious park without much tourism, and Estufa Fria is at a corner of Parque Eduardo VII.

![Crinum Moorei](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/crinum-moorei.jpg)
*Crinum Moorei, aka Natal Lily, I discovered in Estufa Fria. They are so beautiful*

As I enjoy many kinds of plants, succulents have always been the ones I wanted to see the most. The common succulents like aloes and cacti are arranged in captivating ways, such as being displayed on the wall.

![Estufa Fria](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/main-view.jpg)

To my disappointment, there were no Living Stones in this greenhouse, like Lithops or Conophytum.

![Aloe](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/aloe.jpg)
*Aloe*

![Crown of Thorns](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/crown-of-thorns.jpg)
*Crown of Thorns (Euphorbia milii)*

![Pachypodium](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/pachypodium.jpg)
*Pachypodium*

![Crown of Thorns](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/crown-of-thorns-2.jpg)
*Crown of Thorns*

![Cereus](/assets/blog/estufa-fria-lisbon/cereus.jpg)
*Cereus*

## Conclusion

Estufa Fria is a pretty cool place to visit. The atmosphere is great for dating, meeting friends, and taking photos. Although Estufa Doce has lots of succulents, the lack of the rosette-type succulents (such as Echeveria) and living stones (such as Lithops) may disappoint succulent enthusiasts.

Greenhouse at Estufa Fria (Lisbon, Portugal)


## Quick Facts
* **Location**: 北京市海淀区香山南辛村20号（南园）
* **Hours**:6:00 AM - 9:00 PM
* **Cost**: 10 RMB for visting both north and south parks of the China National Botanical Garden. The succulent greenhouse is inside the south park of the garden.
* **Kid Friendly**: Yes
* **Dog Allowed**: Not sure
* **Accessibility**: Not sure

## Contents

I found a huge collection of succulents in one of the rooms of the greenhouse at South Garden in the China National Botanical Garden.

## About South Garden

The Beijing Botanical Garden of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also known as South Garden, is a key base for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of germplasm resources in northern China.

The garden features nine specialized plant exhibition areas, including a perennial flower garden, a rare and endangered plant area, and a greenhouse displaying tropical and subtropical plants. It collects and preserves over 7,000 species of plants.

The seed bank, built from some of the introduced seeds, now houses more than 83,000 seeds from over 20,000 species, making it the second-largest in the world by quantity.

## About the Exhibition Greenhouse

The greenhouse comprises nine exhibition rooms: the Four Seasons Flower Hall, Palm House, Shade-loving Plants Room, Gymnosperm Room, Carnivorous Plants Room, Fruit Trees Room, Succulent Plants Room, Aquatic Plants Room, and the Bodhi Room. It exhibits more than 2,000 species of tropical and subtropical plants, including cultivated varieties.

The greenhouse displays not only national gift plants related to China's diplomacy, such as the Bodhi tree, but also rare plants collected by researchers from abroad, like the red-skinned baobab and the beautiful deer antler fern. The Aquatic Plants Room offers year-round viewing of water lilies and the giant leaves of Victoria water lilies.

## History 

I grew up in Beijing but only learned about the China National Botanical Garden in 2022.

As a child, this garden was known as Xiang Shan Botanical Garden or Beijing Botanical Garden, a favorite destination for school field trips, including mine.

The name China National Botanical Garden emerged in 2022 when both South Garden (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and North Garden (Beijing Botanical Garden) united to form the China National Botanical Garden.

## Visiting China National Botanical Garden in 2024

In July 2024, I visited South Garden for the first time with my aunt. I was amazed by the variety and quality of succulents in the succulent rooms within the greenhouse. For instance, I had never seen a greenhouse with large clusters of lithops before. This greenhouse presented massive clusters of various lithops species, a sight that must have taken years to cultivate.

### Lithops

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-collection.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-1.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-2.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-3.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-4.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-5.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-6.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-7.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-8.jpg)

![Lithops](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/lithops-9.jpg)

### Conophytum 

![Conophytum](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/conophytum-1.jpg)


### Haworthia

![Haworthia](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/haworthia-1.jpg)

![Haworthia](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/haworthia-2.jpg)

![Haworthia](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/haworthia-3.jpg)
*[Haworthia Truncata](/posts/haworthia-truncata)*

### Cacti

![Cactus](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/cactus-1.jpg)

![Cactus](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/cactus-2.jpg)

### Others

![Echeveria 'Rain Drops'](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/other-1.jpg)
[Echeveria](/posts/echeveria) 'Rain Drops'

![Other](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/other-2.jpg)
*Lophophora williamsii*

![Aloe Vera](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/other-3.jpg)
Aloe Vera

![Other](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/other-4.jpg)

![Aloinopsis Schooneesii](/assets/blog/china-national-botanical-garden/other-5.jpg)
*[Aloinopsis Schooneesii](/posts/aloinopsis-schooneesii)*

## Conclusion
Besides succulents, there are many impressive plants in the greenhouse as well as in both the South and North Parks. If you are ever in Beijing, China, make sure to visit this garden!


## Special Note

Please note that all the photos are copyrighted. If you wish to use any of them, please contact me.

Resources for Succulents

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What's Wrong With My Succulent? Common Problems of Succulents

How to Care for Your Succulents While You're on Vacation

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